Low dose citalopram reverses memory impairment and electroconvulsive shock-induced immobilization: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 83(1) Jan 2006, 161-167. Jones, R. B. Parra, A., Vinader-Caerols, C., Monleon, S., & Simon, V. M. (1999). Davidson, R. J., Kalin, N. H., & Shelton, S. (1993). The effects of methionine-enkephalin and its related metabolites upon the duration of the dorsal immobility response in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 46(4) Dec 1993, 841-845. Another case of orcas purposely inducing tonic immobility in fish has been documented with stingrays in New Zealand. (1993). Telencephalic removal and tonic immobility in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus): Behavioural Processes Vol 10(3) Mar 1985, 265-271. The critical cues for diurnal death feigning in young chicks: A functional analysis: American Journal of Psychology Vol 93(2) Jun 1980, 259-268. (1978). Tyrosine improves behavioral and neurochemical deficits caused by cold exposure: Physiology & Behavior Vol 72(3) Feb 2001, 311-316. (1983). Translational challenges with tonic immobility: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice Vol 15(1) Mar 2008, 98-101. Lefebvre, L., & Sabourin, M. (1977). Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter and the control of tonic immobility: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 50(3) Oct 1999, 201-208. Additive effects of clonidine and antidepressant drugs in the mouse forced-swimming test: Psychopharmacology Vol 96(1) Sep 1988, 104-109. Gorka, Z., & Janus, K. (1985). This feature is not available right now. The most striking effect of an active recovery was a total absence of the elevation cortisol concentration typically associated with exhaustive exercise. Caggiula, A. R., & et al. (2002). (1987). Mucha, R. F., Niesink, R. J., & Kalant, H. (1978). Differences in benzodiazepine binding in quail selectively bred for differences in tonic immobility: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 54(1) May 1996, 117-121. Effects of the co-administration of 5-HT-sub(1A ) receptor antagonists with an SSRI in conditioned fear stress-induced freezing behavior: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 58(2) Oct 1997, 471-475. Behavioral toxicity of selected organophosphate insecticides: Dissertation Abstracts International. Erhard, H. W., Mendl, M., & Christiansen, S. B. Corticosterone influences forced swim-induced immobility: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 49(3) Nov 1994, 729-736. Gallup, G. G., & et al. : Physiology & Behavior Vol 23(4) Oct 1979, 757-762. During tonic immobility in sharks, the dorsal fins straighten, and both breathing and muscle contractions become more steady and relaxed. Is tonic immobility adaptive? Traumatic events and tonic immobility: The Spanish Journal of Psychology Vol 11(2) Nov 2008, 516-521. Scott, G. B., & Moran, P. (1993). It may also be a way of avoiding or deterring predators. Physiological Psychology Vol 7(4) Dec 1979, 454-455. So I asked leading shark ethologist and behaviourist, Professor Samuel 'doc' Gruber to elaborate. Interaction of tonic immobility and dexamethasone in the modulation of hippocampal 5-HT activity in rabbits: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 25(4) Oct 1986, 781-784. The immobility response elicited by clamping, bandaging and grasping in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Behavioural Brain Research Vol 54(2) Apr 1993, 165-169. de Oliveira, L., Hoffman, A., & Menescal-de-Oliveira, L. (1997). GABA(a) receptor subunits mediating tonic inhibition in the hippocampus and the main source of GABA responsible for their activation. Hennig, C. W., & et al. 5 h post-treatment. Learned helplessness in chickens (Gallus gallus): Evidence for attentional bias: Learning and Motivation Vol 28(1) Feb 1997, 43-55. [6] Some anglers use this response to good effect: when removing a hook from a fish that is to be released, they invert the fish and tuck it under one arm, thereby quieting it. Chlordiazepoxide and tonic immobility: A paradoxical enhancement: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 25(6) Dec 1986, 1237-1243. B., & Meaney, M. J. Physiological Psychology Vol 7(4) Dec 1979, 456-457. Gallup, G. G., & et al. Fear and stress reactions, and the performance of commercial broiler chickens subjected to regular pleasant and unpleasant contacts with human being: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 88(1-2) Sep 2004, 77-87. Jones, R. B., & Faure, J. M. (1981). Involvement of endogenous opioids with forced swimming-induced immobility in mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 28(2) Feb 1982, 249-251. Effects of ethanol on fight- or swim-stressed mice in Porsolt's swim test: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 2(4) Dec 1989, 293-298. Morphine catalepsy as an adaptive reflex state in rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 98(2) Apr 1984, 243-261. Reese, W. G., Angel, C., & Newton, J. E. (1984). Lesions of the dorsal spinal cord decrease the duration of contact defensive immobility (animal hypnosis) in the rabbit: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 99(4) Aug 1985, 778-783. Changes in plasma testosterone and in its hypothalamic metabolism following immobility responses in rabbits: Physiology & Behavior Vol 20(5) May 1978, 613-618. Serotoninergic activation of the basolateral amygdala and modulation of tonic immobility in guinea pig: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 69(4) Apr 2006, 356-364. Diazepam does not shorten tonic immobility in mice: An exception from fear induced inhibitory response? A., Jolliet, P., Hascoet, M., & Bourin, M. (2001). Hughes, R. A. Most sharks display tonic immobility as a response to one well-documented stimulus: being inverted. Herzog, H. A. The role of dopaminergic systems in the mediation of tonic immobility (animal hypnosis) in chickens: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 12(4) Oct 1978, 301-302. New York, NY: MacMillan Co. Wells, R. M. G., McNeil, H., & MacDonald, J. Hennig, C. W., & Dunlap, W. P. (1977). Cashner, F. M., & et al. (1981). Naloxone and shock-elicited freezing in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 93(4) Aug 1979, 736-744. (1978). Miyatake, T., Tabuchi, K., Sasaki, K., Okada, K., Katayama, K., & Moriya, S. (2008). Induction and duration of tonic immobility: Psychological Record Vol 27 (Spec Issue) 1977, 89-107. (1981). Frysztak, R. J., & Neafsey, E. J. Hilakivi-Clarke, L. A. Bovin, M. J., Jager-Hyman, S., Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2008). Heiblum, R., Aizenstein, O., Gvaryahu, G., Voet, H., Robinzon, B., & Snapir, N. (1998). For many animals, tonic immobility is a natural state that can best be described as a kind of temporary paralysis. Barros, H. M. T., & Ferigolo, M. (1998). (1999). Pasteur, G. (1982). Godfrey, C. D., Froehlich, J. C., Stewart, R. B., Li, T.-K., & Murphy, J. M. (1997). Cases of Sprague-Dawley rats which did not respond to an "alarm substance" in the forced swimming test: Psychological Reports Vol 79(3, Pt 1) Dec 1996, 1007-1018. The influence of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) parameters on rTMS effects in Porsolt's forced swimming test: International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 2(1) Mar 1999, 31-34. The effect of norepinephrine on tonic immobility in chickens: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 12(2) Aug 1978, 123-124. A., Terzian, A. L. B., & Menescal-de-Oliveira, L. (2006). Selection for tonic immobility duration does not affect the response to novelty in quail: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 112(3-4) Aug 2008, 297-306. In fact, any bony fish that can swallow a shark is a potential predator. Porsolt, R. D., Anton, G., Blavet, N., & Jalfre, M. (1978). (1989). Reduction of the domestic chick's fear of human beings by regular handling and related treatments: Animal Behaviour Vol 46(5) Nov 1993, 991-998. Tonic immobility guarantees negative or quiescent behavior even in the presence of massive aversive stimulation, a stilled organism that makes no attempt to struggle for freedom or fight. Anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder in the context of human brain evolution: A role for theory in DSM-V? (1989). Swim test immobility co-segregates with serotonergic but not cholinergic sensitivity in cross-breeds of Flinders Line rats: Psychiatric Genetics Vol 4(2) Sum 1994, 101-107. Fish health is a growing concern as pets, education, and aquaculture evolves. Hilakivi, L. A., Durcan, M. J., & Lister, R. G. (1989). Neuroendocrine changes following habituation of animal hypnosis in male rabbits: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 2(3) May 1981, 363-372. Immobility and supination in garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans) following handling by human predators: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 120(3) Aug 2006, 262-268. Effects of estrus, estrogen-progesterone priming, and vaginal stimulation on tonic immobility, dorsal immobility, and lordosis in the female rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 35(4) Oct 1985, 577-581. Anxiogenic effects of a !b-carboline on tonic immobility and open field behavior in chickens (Gallus gallus): Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 51(4) Aug 1995, 795-798. Prestrude, A. M. (1977). Carman, J. Maione, S., Berrino, L., Leyva, J., de Novellis, V., & et al. Shiromani, P. J., Overstreet, D. H., & Lucero, S. (1990).

tonic immobility in fish

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